This cross-national investigation examined how hope and enjoyment relate to overall well-being among 486 bilingual English learners—236 Iranian and 250 Saudi—while assessing the extent to which hope and enjoyment predict well-being. Using two validated questionnaires, the researchers applied confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and measurement invariance testing to ensure robust cross-cultural comparisons.
Analyses revealed strong, positive links connecting hope, enjoyment, and well-being in both cohorts, with hope and enjoyment together explaining a substantial share of the variance in learners’ well-being. Measurement invariance showed no statistically significant differences between the Iranian and Saudi regression models in the predictive strength of hope and enjoyment. These results underscore the value of educational policies and interventions that foster positive emotional experiences in language-learning settings, thereby enhancing learners’ overall well-being.