This study examines linguistic and non-linguistic barriers impacting English-speaking abilities among Saudi EFL learners. Using a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling, the research involved 480 students from various Saudi universities who completed an online survey. Findings reveal that non-linguistic barriers, such as low confidence, shyness, fear of mistakes, and lack of interest, significantly hinder speaking skills, with confidence identified as the most influential factor. Among linguistic barriers, vocabulary was the primary challenge, followed by issues with grammar and pronunciation.
The study highlights that while both male and female students face these barriers, there are no statistically significant gender-based differences, except for a slightly higher prevalence of shyness among females. The research suggests that targeted strategies, such as increased vocabulary training and confidence-building activities, may mitigate these barriers, enhancing EFL learners' speaking proficiency. It concludes with recommendations for EFL instructors to prioritize a supportive and engaging environment to encourage more active student participation and effective communication in English.